Sunday, June 29, 2014

Ayer Makerspace Initial Meeting


Faisal Mohammed giving a presentation to about 25 attendees. Some of his Arduino-based robots are on the table next to him.

Ayer, MA Makerspace

Something I'm very excited about, the Ayer (MA) Office of Economic Development is investigating bringing a makerspace to town. Their first public meeting on it to gauge interest was this past Thursday night.

The main presenter was Faisal Mohammed, a local software engineer and Arduino enthusiast. The meeting was organized by David Maher of the Ayer OED.

There were about 25 people in attendance, a mix of local high- and low-tech makers covering paintings, jewelry, fiber arts, welding and metal fabrication, woodworking, 3-D printing, and CNC routing and machining, as well as several others interested in Arduino and robotics.

David told us that he had recently attended a seminar conducted by the Massachusetts Economic Development Council at Mt. Holyoke college on the topic of makerspaces. You can read an article about it here. He said the very next day, Faisal walked into his office out of the blue and asked if he would be interested in starting a makerspace in Ayer.

So they put their heads together and organized the meeting. I found out about it when I applied for a craft booth at the town Fourth of July festivities to promote my JOTMOST program for veterans (come on by Pirone Park Saturday the 5th and try out the hand tools!).

Faisal presented information about what a makerspace is, funding models, the logistics of setting one up, and equipment. Three examples of area makerspaces he gave were Artisan's Asylum in Somerville, MA, Lowell Makes in Lowell, MA, and MakeIt Labs in Nashua, NH. He considered Artisan's Asylum to be the archetype of what he would like to see in Ayer.

I was familiar with MakeIt Labs, because one of my daughter's friends is a member, and she's worked on stuff with him there. As a practical example of using a makerspace, when we had given him an old motorcycle and the frame of his trailer collapsed loading it up, he welded it back up with reinforcements at MakeIt. Where do you go when you need to do a quick DIY welding repair?

At this point you may be wondering, what exactly is a makerspace? The definition varies by individual location, but in general it's a shared space with tools, equipment, and fixtures suitable for a whole range of creative constructive endeavors.

This covers things like painting, printing, fiber arts, leatherwork, jewelry, plastics, woodworking, and metalworking of everything from castings and sheet metal to machining and heavy welding.

Combine that with a heavy dose of high-tech electronics and programmable microcomputers, robotics, 3-D printing, and  CNC cutters and engravers using lasers, plasma, and milling heads. It's like every artist/crafter/tinker/hacker's garage and basement all pushed into one spot.

For those who don't have the space or equipment to do things at home, makerspaces provide the venue to unleash their creative energies. These can turn into cottage industries, creating custom items for people.

There's even a way to match up makers with customers: I recently had lunch with Michael Salguero, CEO of CustomMade, a website that does exactly that (turns out their office is 3 blocks from my work at Sonos in Cambridge). Makerspaces provide sites like CustomMade with a broader pool of suppliers.

The makerspace is often divided into some combination of clean and dirty workshops, classrooms, and individual studio space. There may even be gallery and retail space for members to display and sell their wares.

Funding is primarily based on memberships and per-use fees, though there are also corporate sponsorships available. David pointed out that there is now interest in providing public funding and resources on the state and local level.

The reason for corporate and government funding is that both recognize the need to encourage the type of practical hands-on learning and experience that take place at makerspaces. As I mentioned in the JOTMOST post, the country faces a real shortage of capable workers in many of these areas.

David said there's one company in town who's told him they would run a second shift if they could just find people capable of running and maintaining their equipment; other local employers have voiced similar frustrations. This has become a serious economic development issue at both the local and national level.

Makerspaces are also incubators. A number of inventions and small companies have been spun out of them. They also provide the resources for the home-based maker whose product goes big, and they need to produce 100 or 1000 units to fulfill an order.

Setting up a makerspace is often a group effort. Once a location has been found, much of the equipment comes from a combination of private and corporate donations of used equipment, and leasing of member-owned equipment. Users must be signed off on training and safety of equipment, and owners may impose additional restrictions.

This provides people and companies a way to dispose of their surplus, and allows members to get their equipment out of their cramped home workspaces while recouping some of their investment. Part of my own interest is to be able to move JOTMOST to a venue that's wheelchair accessible.

Members transform the raw space through sweat equity, refurbishing it as necessary. For an example of this, see my post about Wortheffort Woodworking School in Texas. Owner Shawn Graham has photos and videos of transforming a rough small warehouse in San Marcos into a wonderful teaching space for teens and adults.

While you're at it, check out his Indiegogo campaign to move the school to Austin; a contribution as small as $10 would help him out. This is a one-man makerspace sharing the vision and drive to pass skills on to others, and we can all help make that happen.

If you're interested in more information about the Ayer Makerspace, stay tuned here, see the Town of Ayer on Facebook, or contact Faisal Mohammed at fmohammed@rokbrain.com or 888-345-4893, or David Maher at dmaher@ayer.ma.us or 978-772-8206.

David said the attendees clearly showed enough interest to move to the next step. He's already been in contact with a couple of prospective property owners about space. He hopes to have the next meeting within a month or so.

Here's local news coverage: Lowell Sun.

Artisan's Asylum


Jeff Del Papa greeted me at the front desk. Whovians will note the TARDIS Service and Repair Manual T-shirt.

I looked up Artisan's Asylum, and it turns out it's just 2 miles from Sonos. Even better, they're both just two blocks off the same bus route. So Friday after work I took the bus up there to check it out.

I was greeted at the front desk by Jeff Del Papa. Jeff was founder of the New England Rubbish Deconstruction Society (NERDS), the first US team to compete on the UK TV show Scrapheap Challenge. This later became Junkyard Wars on US TV. He had some good behind the scenes stories about the show; for instance, the medical crew didn't really have much to do, but the fire crew was busy every day.

He also competes on Punkin Chunkin. He said while they've shown his rigs on the program, they never talk about them, since the show generally concentrates on the top 3 teams. He also likes flinging manhole covers and pianos through the air.

I told him why I was visiting, and he said he gives presentations on how "Maker TV" gets made, or building catapults, and would be happy to come to Ayer to give it. This is definitely a guy worth knowing! I'll put word out when that's going to happen.

He also said Asylum founder Gui Cavalcanti has information on building makerspaces. Gui is currently working on Stompy, a giant rideable hexapod (6-legged walking robot).

I had arrived well past the daily tour, but Eric Haines, an Asylum member and software engineer at Autodesk, happened to be standing there waiting for someone else to arrive for a tour, and invited me to tag along. Autodesk is a corporate sponsor of Artisan's Asylum.

The guest arrived, and he turned out to be Eric Wilhelm, founder of instructables. I was familiar with the website from this post from a Techshop member that links to my post here on resawing; that's driven hundreds of page views here over the past year. Autodesk acquired instructables in 2011.


Eric Wilhelm, founder of instructables. He holds a Ph.D. in mechanical engineering from MIT.

How to describe Artisan's Asylum? It's somewhat unique as far as makerspaces go with cubicles available for rental. It reminded me of an indoor antique market with vendor spaces. Instead of being crammed with antiques, the booths are crammed with tools, materials, and all manner of projects, from the crazy whimsical to the high tech. Plus some crazy whimsical high-tech.

There are also shared workspaces for electronics and jewelry making and large "eye-protection required beyond this point" machine spaces. They have plasma cutting, milling, and welding equipment, and 3-D printers of all kinds. There's also plenty of regular metal- and woodworking equipment, plus classroom space.

There are hydraulics and chain drives and gears and wiring and actuators and sensors and every mechanical device under the sun scattered throughout the booths and workspaces, along with every way to capture and release energy. Assuming it'll fit in the building, if you can't build it here, it can't be built.

The place is huge, some 40,000sf. One of the rooms is built from a non-functional TARDIS (I guess Jeff hasn't gotten around to putting it back together yet); you go through the small Police Box door into a much larger room. That's a practical way to overcome space limitations!

I saw Stompy's partially assembled legs on a rack, this thing will be freakin' awesome.

Here's a nice news story about Artisan's Asylum.

The Asylum also exhibits another important property of makerspaces: collaboration. Need a left-handed hooverdexter? The guy four rows down can assemble one for you, and the lady two rows over can mill the time dilation compensator out of unobtainium. Or they're happy to teach you how to do it on your own.

There's a massive confluence of skills. As Faisal pointed out, the techies can learn from the artists, and the artists can learn from the techies. This is where people come together to do stuff.

Sunday, June 22, 2014

Worth The Effort

Shawn Graham has run the Wortheffort Woodworking School for the past year in San Marcos, Texas. However, there's not a large enough population in the immediate area to sustain it, so he's made the business decision to relocate to Austin, with a much larger population and potential student base.

He needs to cover startup costs in Austin, primarily rent and utilities on a space while he does renovations to prepare it. So he's started an Indiegogo campaign to fund it. He offers a number of perks in return at various contribution levels; there's also a level consisting of a direct contribution with no perk.

The back story is that Shawn was a high school technology education teacher, but changing state educational priorities and funding cuts put an end to that. So he went all in on his dream to create a small woodworking school.

You can see from the photos and videos on his Indiegogo gallery page that he put tremendous sweat equity into it, along with his savings and retirement funds, driven by his passion for the craft and desire to share the knowledge.

He's created a wonderful school, and it's worth our effort to help him see it continue. He's created the kind of place that all of us would like to teach in and take classes in. He shares many of my feelings about woodworking and its educational value.

The outcomes are apparent from the smiles on the faces of his students, young and old. You can see their pride in accomplishment (and some surprise at what they were able to do!).

In addition to teaching on his own, Shawn has brought in a number of well-known guest instructors for intensive courses. Past instructors include Christopher Schwarz, former editor of Popular Woodworking Magazine, and most recently one of my Internet acquaintances, Shannon Rogers, who runs the online Hand Tool School.

It was Shannon's blog post about being the last instructor at the San Marcos location that alerted me to the Indiegogo campaign. Read his post, and read the campaign page. I hope you'll agree with me that this is worth not only the effort, but a contribution.

Wednesday, June 18, 2014

Fine Stock Preparation


This is the end goal: a stack of precisely-dimensioned parts.

In Rough Stock Preparation, I covered the tools and the first stage of stock preparation, breaking boards down into small pieces.

Four-Squaring

This is where the fine dimensioning takes place. The pieces have rough surfaces and rough-cut edges to remove, along with any extra margin.

Remember the sequence to follow with the acronym FEWTEL:
  • Face
  • Edge
  • Width
  • Thickness
  • End
  • Length 
In each dimension, this first establishes a reference surface, then takes the opposite surface down to the finished size. Now appearance and accuracy matter.

Planing Body Mechanics

With all three planes, it's tempting to move the plane just by pushing with your arms, but this will wear them out quickly. Instead, make it a whole body motion. Your body is a 100 to 200 lb. mass standing up on a 4 to 6' lever arm, use it along with your arms.

With your feet apart, step into the motion, leaning off your rear foot into your front as you push. Your body mass then provides the force and momentum to carry through the cut. You can even hold the plane in a fixed position relative to your body to help you develop the motion. For long pieces, shuffle sideways in repeated steps to create one long fluid stroke, or simply work one section of the piece at a time.

As you start the stroke, with the heel of the plane hanging off the piece, apply most of the down pressure at the toe of the plane to keep it flat. Otherwise the tail will droop and you'll end up rounding the end. As you progress through the stroke, shift the down pressure from toe to heel, so that as you complete the stroke, the toe doesn't droop off and round off the far end.

Occasionally you need to take swooping strokes for partial cuts on the near or far end, either starting normally and swooping off like a plane taking off, or swooping down in the middle like a plane landing.

This all takes some practice to coordinate.  Practice on some scraps to develop the motions without worrying about how well the actual planing job is going. You may feel pretty awkward at first, but it quickly becomes graceful and efficient. The combination of body swing and arm push gives you power and control.

Grain Direction

Plane with the grain, not against it. That means you want the grain rising away from you. Look at the side of the piece adjacent to the side you will be planing. If the grain lines go upward as they move away, that's the direction to plane.

If you plane against the grain, with the grain lines falling away from you, the plane will catch and tear out, possibly taking out chunks. If that happens, try spinning the piece around and going the other direction.

Sometimes it's hard to read the grain, so you just have to try a test pass in each direction and see how it goes. While one direction will be rough, one should be much more smooth and shiny; that's the direction to plane.

If the grain of a particular piece is being uncooperative, it may help to skew the plane diagonally to the direction of cut. This lowers the effective cutting angle of the iron for a cleaner cut and provides a bit of shearing action, at the cost of a narrower pass.

Face


Use the medium jack plane to take the back edge down first.

Pick one face of the workpiece to start with. This will become a reference surface. Secure the piece flat on the workbench, then use the jack plane to take the back edge down. This prevents blowout of the far edge (spelching) in the next step.

In order to equalize the relative moisture of the two faces, remove roughly equal amounts of material from each, half from this face and half from the other when you do the thicknessing step. Otherwise the piece may warp after planing due to differential moisture levels. Even lumber that's been drying for years still has moisture trapped in the center.

The exception to this is when you've resawn a piece, exposing the inside to the air. In this case, don't worry about the relative moisture levels, just focus on getting a flat, smooth face. If you have the time, stack and sticker to parts to allow air to circulate around them for a few days to help equalize the moisture. If any warping occurs, you'll be able to plane it out, though this eats up your margin quickly.

To get the surface down quickly, plane directly across the grain with the jack. This allows you to set it for a heavy cut and take thick shavings. If there's a lot to remove, you may need several passes. You can also plane on a diagonal. Overlap the passes to take a uniform amount off across the entire face. If there are obvious high spots, plane them down selectively, but be careful not to spend too much time in one spot and create a divot.


Planing across the grain, the cambered iron of the jack plane takes the surface down quickly.

While using both the jack and the jointer, periodically check the overall flatness of the surface with winding sticks. Set them across the ends of the piece, then squat down and sight across them. If their top edges are parallel, the piece is flat. If not, the pieces is in wind (pronounced as in "to wind a clock"); the length of the sticks will exaggerate the twist, making the high and low corners apparent. For long work, you may want to check several spots progressively down the length from the end.


Place winding sticks parallel across the piece...


...then sight across them looking for a high corner, such as here at the back right.

To correct wind, you can take selective passes over the high spots with the plane, or plane diagonally from high corner to high corner. Check progress frequently with the sticks to avoid overcorrection. The jack can quickly correct gross wind, but don't worry about getting it perfect, because the jointer is the better flattening tool.

Deal with warp similarly to wind. You may need to shim a corner so the piece rests flat. For a face bowed upward in the center, plane with the grain on the hump to bring it down even with the edges. For a face bowed down (cupping), plane across the grain to bring the edges down even with the center, taking advantage of the bridging effect of the plane bed across the high spots.

Once you've roughed the surface down sufficiently with the jack, switch to the jointer to get final flatness, taking overlapping strokes with the grain. The initial passes will just nip off the high spots, so it may seem like the plane isn't accomplishing anything. But after a couple passes the jointer will begin to take longer, wider shavings.


Planing with the grain, the long jointer plane takes long, wide shavings as it flattens the surface.

For larger pieces, it may help to take diagonal passes across the face to establish initial flatness, then switch over to straight down the length.

Lay the edge of the plane along and across the surface as a straightedge to judge its flatness. Check it with the winding sticks. Run your fingers across it to feel for irregularities; they're incredibly sensitive instruments. Stop planing as soon as you have a satisfactory uniform flat surface.

Finish up the face with the smoother, set for a very fine cut. This is the final cleanup step. It won't appreciably change the flatness as long as you take a uniform set of overlapping passes. You may want to delay final smoothing until later, perhaps even until after some assembly is complete, since the fine surface may get damaged during work.


The short smoother plane takes very fine fluffy shavings as it smooths the surface.

In order to equalize the moisture exposed in both faces, take roughly half the waste off of this first face. Don't worry about removing an exact amount of material. The opposite face is where you'll plane to a specific thickness. When faces have unequal moisture content, for instance if you just plane a little bit off the original dry face of the piece, then remove a lot from the other side and expose moister interior wood, it can warp as it dries out.

Mark this face with the traditional cursive "f", where the tail runs off the edge that you will work next.


The traditional cursive "f" mark for the reference face.

If you need to remove a lot of material, you can minimize warping by roughly planing one face, then roughly planing the other face. Then stack the pieces in your workshop with stickers between them (stickers are scraps of wood at each end that separate the parts and allow air to circulate around them) for a few days or longer. After the newly exposed faces have had time to dry out and equalize with the humidity level in your shop, you can do the final planing of each face in the FEWTEL sequence.

Stacking and stickering like this is also good to do when you resaw stock, since you are exposing the moister interior wood of the board. Note that "moister" doesn't mean dripping wet. The difference is probably only apparent with a moisture meter. But even lumber that has been drying for a long time can have measurable differences between surface moisture and interior moisture.

Edge


Work a rough with the jack plane set for a medium cut.

If the edge is really rough, for instance if you did a rough job ripping the piece, start with the jack plane set for a medium cut.  If there are significant high spots, you can work them individually, either along the grain or in small diagonal bites. As soon as the edge is reasonably consistent, switch to the jointer. Hook your thumb behind the tote of the plane and wrap your fingers around to the bed (figure 22). The knuckle of your index finger acts as a guide along the face of the board.


Using the jointer, wrap your fingers around the bed so that the knuckle of your index finger acts as a guide to help maintain a 90 degree square cut.

Plane with steady strokes, keeping the plane at 90 degrees to the face. With practice, you will be able to form a 90 degree edge easily. Check you work periodically at each end and the middle with a square. You can start with a heavier cut, then dial it down to a thin cut for the final strokes. Remember, the thickness of cut is like the gear shift in your car, set to thick cut for fast removal, then thin cut for slower, more careful removal.


Work with steady strokes as you hold the plane square on the edge.


Check the edge at multiple points frequently with a square. Hold the stock of the square against the reference face.

To correct a high side, center the plane on the ridge or a little outboard of it. Take a couple passes to bring it down even, creating progressively wider shavings. Check with the square, and stop when you get a consistent wide shaving. Be careful, because it's easy to overcorrect.

To correct a twist, where one side starts high, then the other side becomes high, run the plane diagonally from one high point to the other. You can also selectively plane a couple shavings from the high spots, then take full length strokes.

Remember to keep the plane from drooping off the ends at the start and end of the stroke, or you'll end up with a rounded board instead of a straight edge. If you do get some rounding, correct it by taking a stroke that start a couple inches in from the near end and ends a couple inches from the far end, hollowing out the high portion. Then take full length strokes.

You only need to take enough material off to establish a flat reference edge. The opposite edge is where you worry about planing to a specific width. Mark the edge with the traditional "v", where the point meets the tail of the face mark. From now on for best accuracy, only reference your gauge and square off one of these two marked surfaces.


The traditional "v" mark meeting the face mark. This is now a known square corner, serving as reference for the other face and edge.

Width

This is where you start planing to a specific dimension. Measure from the just-planed edge and mark the final width, or run a marking gauge down it. If you need to remove a lot of material, say a half inch or more, it might be worth ripping most of the excess off rather than planing it all.

Plane this edge exactly the way you did the first edge, starting with the jack. Set for a heavy cut, it makes fast work of any remaining width. However, now you are working to a line. Take short diagonal nibbling chips, working down the length, then back off the cut for straight passes. Take as many passes as needed to get it down to an amount manageable with the jointer.

Joint this edge, paying close attention to the line. Check for square periodically. Now accuracy counts more than speed. The margin for correcting errors dwindles rapidly.

If one end gets closer to the line than the other, take partial swooping cuts to even it up, so that your final finer passes are taking a full length consistent shaving. Stop when it's dead on the marked line. If necessary, you can finesse this width one shaving at a time to perfect the fit.

Thickness


Scribe a line all the way around for thickness.

Scribe a line all the way around the edges and ends of the piece to mark the desired thickness. Because the reference face where your gauge registers is flat, you know that the scribed line parallel to it marks out a flat surface.

Plane this face exactly the way you did the first face. As with the width, now you are working to a line. Using the jack, take it down to an amount manageable with the jointer.

As you work with the jointer, periodically check around the edges for the scribed line. Adjust the cut to fine shavings as you get close. Once you reach the line all around, finish up with the smoother. Like the width, the thickness can be fine tuned a shaving at a time.

End


The end grain on a shooting board.

Shoot one end of the piece on a shooting board. This is the precision secret weapon of hand tools. It's carefully built with a fence exactly 90 degrees to the bed where the plane rides on its side. Lubricate the sole and side of the plane.

Hook the front of the shooting board over the front of the bench, and set the reference edge of the piece against the fence. Shoot the plane repeatedly down the end, taking fine end grain shavings. Be careful not to rock the plane. Aim to finish the stroke well past the edge of the piece, like following through on a golf swing.

Use a large plane so its momentum carries through the cut, or use a low-angle block or bench plane. Since this is end grain, the iron needs to be extremely sharp to cut cleanly.

The resulting end will be square in relation to both the edge and the face.

You can also plane the end similar to the way you did the edge, for instance for wide panels too big to fit on the shooting board. However, end grain is much more difficult to plane, so set the plane for a very fine cut.

Scribe a line square across and all around both faces and edges. Plane from each corner in to the middle, paying close attention to the line along the way. Don't plane all the way across and off the far corner, because it will tear out. It may help to skew the plane, reducing the effective angle of cut. While the jointer has the mass to carry it through the cut, you may find it easier to manage with the smoother.

Length


Scribe a line for the length.

Using a square referenced off the marked edge, scribe across one end of the piece with a marking knife at the desired length.

On the bench hooks, saw off the bulk of the excess, but cut just outside the scribed line by about 1/16". The accuracy of this cut doesn't matter as long a you don't go past the line, because the shooting board will clean it up and dial the length in exactly.


Saw off the excess length just shy of the line, then shoot it.

Shoot the cut on the shooting board. Remember to place the marked edge of the piece against the fence. Watch the plane creep up on the line one shaving at a time and stop when it's dead on. As with the width and thickness, you can fine tune the length as necessary.

The piece is now squared up precisely.

Conclusion

The processes here allow you turn raw lumber into pieces of exact size in three dimensions. In the breakdown stage, you crosscut to length, rip to width, and resaw to thickness. In the fine dimensioning stage, you plane to thickness, joint to width, and shoot to length, homing in on the final size one shaving at a time. This allows you total control over the final piece.

Sunday, June 1, 2014

JOTMOST: Every Wednesday Is Veterans Day


Captain Joseph O. Thornton, USMC.

For the last several years I've been hearing a series of disturbing news reports on NPR. These concern the difficulties US veterans face when returning home: unemployment compounded by severe injuries, Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI), Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), and difficulty getting care.

Whatever your politics, whatever your feelings for or against the policies or actions of one administration or another, it's important to remember that these are the people who have put themselves in harm's way for us, sometimes at great cost to themselves. These are the boots on the ground, on the sea and in the air.

They've done their part, and it's our responsibility as a society to take care of them. This is my contribution to that. It's also my way of saying thanks and showing my appreciation.

JOTMOST is the Joseph O. Thornton Memorial Open Shop Time, in memory of my father-in-law, Captain Joseph O. Thornton, USMC.

If you're a US military veteran, any service, any era, or active duty, you can come and take free hand tool woodworking lessons or work on your own with the tools, every Wednesday night from 7PM-9:30PM at my basement workshop in Ayer, MA.


The student workspace, two benches on the left...

This is similar to my private lessons, but at no charge. I have room for up to 4 people at a time. For full details about my workshop and student area, see my Hand Tool Instruction page. I provide all the necessary instruction, tools, and materials.


...and two more on the right,...


...with enough hand tools for 4 people.

You can treat this as occupational therapy, or vocational training, or a new hobby, or just a fun way to spend some time. You can follow my standard curriculum, focus on some specific skills, work on a project, or just enjoy the simple pleasure of turning a piece of wood into a pile of shavings.

If you have injuries, we'll improvise, adapt, and overcome. The only limitation is that my basement is not wheelchair accessible, but if you can make it up and down the stairs we'll figure something out.

This also fits in with another news thread, that employers looking for employees with hands-on skills are having difficulty finding people. There's been such an emphasis on the high-tech information-based economy, with concomitant emphasis on college education, that vocational training has all but disappeared.

The result is that according to some sources, some 3 million good jobs are going unfilled, and non-IT US manufacturing companies are having trouble competing. Some of these jobs are just as high-tech as the information economy, building things like specialized parts for aircraft and submarines.

An unemployed workforce and unfilled jobs? What's wrong with this picture? These need to meet in the middle.

I'll let the policy wonks debate the relative merits of one job versus another, with all the political overtones (these issues are so loaded with politics it's a wonder anything gets accomplished). Meanwhile, this is hands-on training. Maybe not building jet engines, but I would argue that building stuff is building stuff.

Whether building out of wood with hand tools or machining titanium with the latest high-tech equipment, it all involves many of the same vocational hand and cognitive skills.

You have to understand the properties and limitations of your materials, and how to perform the production steps. You have to be able to visualize how the parts are joined to form subassemblies, and how subassemblies are assembled into the whole. You have to take and evaluate measurements and tolerances. You have to be able to deal with problems that arise. You have to keep the tools in working order.

If you'd like to join in, send me an email at sdbranam@gmail.com, or leave a message at 978-772-0030.

References

I don't remember exactly when I started hearing about these issues, but here's just a tiny sampling of the news stories and related links in no particular order:

Veterans:
Skilled Worker Shortage And Vocational Training: